SCENE-3





Baby piper started playing with Crab .Mother piper is waitng for her baby to come and call her.


MOTHER:Baby what are you doing there come baby ,its getting too late.

BABY:I am coming wait a little mummy.

After some time the baby come back to home and suddenly fallen into a deep sleep in the hope of a lovely tomorrow.

BABY:Hello friend, What are you doing here?

CRAB:We are digging into the sand to find any food in the deeper side.
Doing it so ,a big wavecame at that time baby sandpiper hiding to the rock.

Baby:Are you okey Friend .

Crab:Yes dear,

BABY:How is it possible dear?

CRAB:When tides came ,we dig into the sand deeper and keep from being defeated from the tide .

After some time heavy tide came ,both of them digged in to the sand.

               
                                                             SCENE -2


Baby Fails to retreat in time and is drenched by the incoming surf.This incident leaves the baby terrified of the water.She refuses to leave the nest,but soon notices a group of hermit crabs.

CRAB:Open your Eyes Piper(She opened eyes),She starts to see the heredity of under water world and becomes skilled at discovering food for the flock.

  

                       SAND PIPER'S FEAR  

                               SCENE-1

We can see a flock of  sandpipers hunt for food at a seashore ,rushing to peck at the sand .when the wave recades and retreating when it comes in one baby piper is encouraged by her mother to oin the flock.                        

 BABY:Yes mom

MOTHER:Baby come and see outside here,look at the sea shore.See, how beautiful it is!

BABY:No Mom,I won"t come and see it

MOTHER:Why baby what happened to you da

BABY:Mom,I am not able to come there baby because i don't know how to fly.

MOTHER:Just try piper.I will show you how to fly.

BABY:Hello friend,,,,,,hi

MOTHER:I will teach you how to walk,you just try it,,,,

BABY:Ok Mom I will try to walk.

Mother gives encouragement to her baby to join the flock of sandpipers hunt for food at the seashore and practising her to eat food by herself.At the same time a large wave came.

MOTHER:Oh what happened baby come back baby Hurry up (Tide already reached near the baby).

BABY:Mummy Mummy please come near to me.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

                             RAIN WATER HARVESTING                                                                                                                                   

 Rainwater harvesting is becoming a new tool in the water conservation and stormwater management. The practice of rainwater harvesting dates back to the earliest days of civilization yet was nearly lost in the age of inexpensive and readily available municipal water supplies.  Lately, with the cost and supply of municipal water becoming an issue, there has been a resurgence of interest in rainwater harvesting by home and building owners.

         

  Rainwater Harvesting refers to the collection and storage of rain. Collection is usually from rooftops and storage in catchment tanks or cisterns. Stored water can be used for non-potable purposes such as irrigating lawns and landscaping, washing cars, or even flushing toilets. Rainwater harvesting systems can range from a simple barrel at the bottom of a downspout to multiple tanks with pumps and controls. Before the creation of public water utilities, rainwater harvesting provided water for many American homes. It is still popular in places with limited water resources.

 Using purified drinking water for purposes like irrigating landscape is a waste of a valuable resource. Fox Valley residents are asking more questions about the role of conservation in extending the supply of drinking water. Stored rain water can substitute for piped drinking water for many uses where a high level of purity is not required.

Links to Rainwater Harvesting information and resources:

How to build a rainwater collection system

GardenWatersaver.com

HarvestingRainwater.com

Rainwater Harvesting in Illinois article

Rainwater Harvesting - Wikipedia

Rain XChange Rainwater Harvest Systems

NATURAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

NATURAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

                                                                                                                  Biotic resources                                                                                           Biotic resources are obtained from the living and organic material. These include forest products, wildlife, crops and other living organisms. Most of these resources are renewable because they can regenerate themselves. Fossil fuels are considered as biotic because they are formed from decayed organic matter. Fossil fuels are non-renewable.                                                     

Forestry

 India's land area includes regions with high rainfall to dry deserts, Coast line to Alpine regions. Around 21 percent of the total geographical area consists of Forests. Due to variations in climatic conditions and differences in altitude, different types of Forest are present in India including Tropical, Swamps, Mangrove and Alpine. Variety of forest vegetation is large. Forests are the main source of Fire woods, Paper, Spices, Drugs, Herbs, Gums and more. Forests contribute significant amount to nation's GDP.

Fish

India has a long history in fishing and aquaculture. India has rich marine and inland water resources. It has an 8129 km long coastline. Inland fishery is carried out in Rivers, Reservoirs and Lakes. In Indian rivers more than 400 species of fish are found and many species are economically important. Shrimps, Sardines, Mackerels, Carangid, Croakers and other varieties are available. Major Fish species available are Carp, Catfish, Murrel and Weed fish.^[12] India is one of the major marine fish producer. In 2012-2013, 9 Lakh tonnes of Marine products was exported.

Main article: Fishing in India

Coal

Main article: Coal mining in India

Coal mine in Dhanbad district of Jharkhand state

Coal mining in India started in 1774 through East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of Damodar Riverin the Indian State of West Bengal . Growth of the Indian coal mining started when steam locomotives were introduced in 1853. Production increased to Million tonnes. Production reached 30 million tonnes in 1946. After Independence, National Coal Development Corporation was set up and colleries were owned by Railways. India consumes coal mainly for Power sector. Other industries like cement, fertilizer, chemical and paper rely coal for energy requirements.

Natural gas

Oil and Gas processing platform at Bombay High

As per the Ministry of petroleum, Government of India, India has 1,437 billion cubic metres (50.7×10¹² cu ft) of confirmed natural gas reserves as of April 2010. A huge mass of India's natural gas production comes from the western offshore regions, particularly the Mumbai High complex. The onshore fields in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat states are also major producers of natural gas. As per EIA data, India produced 996 billion cubic feet (2.82×10¹⁰ m³) of natural gas in 2004. India imports small amounts of natural gas. In 2004, India consumed about 1,089×10⁹ cu ft (3.08×10¹⁰ m³) of natural gas, the first year in which the country showed net natural gas imports. During 2004, India imported 93×10⁹ cu ft (2.6×10⁹ m³) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qata                                                

ABIOTIC RESORCES

Metallic minerals

Metallic minerals are the minerals which contain one or more metallic elements. They occur in rare, naturally formed concentrations known as mineral deposits. Metallic minerals available from India are Zinc, Iron ore, Manganese ore, Gold, Bauxite, Silver, Lead, Tin, Copper and Chromite.^[20]

Copper

                 Copper has been used since ancient times. Details of Copper mining and metallurgy are available in ancient works like Arthashastra. Copper is mainly used in Industrial applications, Electrical/Electronic equipments and Consumer products such as utensils. Major resources of Copper are available at Rajasthan, Madhya pradesh and Jharkhand. As on 2010, India had 1.56 billion tonnes of Copper ore. India is one of the 20 major Copper producers. In 2008, India produced 7,10,000 tonnes of copper.Hindustan Copper Limited, a public sector company is the only producer of primary refined copper. Post-pillar method and Blast hole stoping method are used for Mining. Some of the domestic demand is met through scrap recycling. In India, Copper scrap is recycled through Direct melting, which is a hazardous process.

Zinc                                                                                                                                                          . Zinc is a bluish-white,lustrous diamagnetic metal.It is also a fair conductor of Electricity. Charaka Samhita. Ancient Zinc smelting technique was found at a zinc production site in Zawar, Rajasthan. Zinc is recovered from a number of different zinc ores. The types of zinc ores include sulfide, carbonate, silicate and oxide It is used in corrosive resistant coating for Iron and Steel. Also used in Automotive, Electrical and Machinery industries. India is the World's fourth largest Zinc reserve as in 2014 ^]Hindustan Zinc Limited is the main producer of Zinc in India. Most of the resources are available in Rajasthan. Minor amount of resources are available in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra states.  

  Iron ore

India is the World's third biggest exporter of Iron ore as in 2013  As on 2010, India had 27 billion tonnes or resource (including Hematite and Magnetite). Major amount of Hematite is found in Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Goa. Minor amount of Hematite is found in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Major amount of Magnetite is found in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Minor amount of Magnetite is found in Assam, Bihar, Goa, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Mining is done by opencast method. Iron ore is mainly used for manufacturing of Pig iron, Sponge iron and Steel. It is also used in coal washeries, cement and glass industries.^] The public sector companies like National Mineral Development Corporation and Steel Authority of India contribute to 25% of the total production. Private companies including Tata Steel provides major contribution.

Chromite                                                                                                                                                                           

It is an oxide of Chromium and Iron. It is the only commercial source of Chromium. As on 2010, India had 200 million tonnes of resource. Major amount of resources are available from Orissa (Cuttack and Jajpur districts). Minor amount of resources are available from Manipur, Nagaland, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. In 2009-2010, India produced 3.41 million tonnes and ranked second in world production.^] It is mostly mined by opencast method. Chromium provides additional strength to the alloys and it is resistant to corrosion. So it is mainly used in Metallurgical applications. It can withstand sudden temperature changes makes it use in Refractories. It is also used in Chemical applications.

TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

                     

Types of agriculture

Reindeer herds form the basis of pastoral agriculture for several Arctic and Subarctic peoples.

Pastoralism involves managing domesticated animals. In nomadic pastoralism, herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water. This type of farming is practised in arid and semi-arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India.^[32]

In shifting cultivation, a small area of a forest is cleared by cutting down all the trees and the area is burned. The land is then used for growing crops for several years. When the soil becomes less fertile, the area is then abandoned. Another patch of land is selected and the process is repeated. This type of farming is practiced mainly in areas with abundant rainfall where the forest regenerates quickly. This practice is used in Northeast India, Southeast Asia, and the Amazon Basin.^[33]

Subsistence farming is practiced to satisfy family or local needs alone, with little left over for transport elsewhere. It is intensively practiced in Monsoon Asia and South-East Asia.

In intensive farming, the crops are cultivated for commercial purpose i.e., for selling. The main motive of the farmer is to make profit, with a low fallow ratio and a high use of inputs. This type of farming is mainly practiced

Contemporary agriculture

Satellite image of farming in Minnesota

Infrared image of the above farms. Various colors indicate healthy crops (red), flooding (black) and unwanted pesticides (brown).

In the past century, agriculture has been characterized by increased productivity, the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic and sustainable agriculture movements One of the major forces behind this movement has been the European Union, which first certified organic food in 1991 and began reform of its Common Agricultural Policy(CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as decoupling. The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as integrated pest management and selective breeding. Recent mainstream technological developments include genetically modified food.

In 2007, higher incentives for farmers to grow non-food biofuel crops combined with other factors, such as over development of former farm lands, rising transportation costs, climate change, growing consumer demand in China and India, and population growth, caused food shortages in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Mexico, as well as rising food prices around the globe. As of December 2007, 37 countries faced food crises, and 20 had imposed some sort of food-price controls. Some of these shortages resulted in food riots and even deadly stampedes. The International Fund for Agricultural Development posits that an increase in smallholder agriculturemay be part of the solution to concerns about food prices and overall food security. They in part base this on the experience of Vietnam, which went from a food importer to large food exporter and saw a significant drop in poverty, due mainly to the development of smallholder agriculture in the country.

Disease and land degradation are two of the major concerns in agriculture today. For example, an epidemic of stem rust on wheat caused by the Ug99 lineage is currently spreading across Africa and into Asia and is causing major concerns due to crop losses of 70% or more under some conditions. Approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. In Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue, the continent might be able to feed just 25% of its population by 2025, according to United Nations University'sGhana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa. in highly developed countries

Safety

Rollover protection bar on a Fordson tractor

Main article: Agricultural safety and health

Agriculture, specifically farming, remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. On industrialized farms, injuries frequently involve the use of agricultural machinery, and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in developed countries is tractor rollovers. Pesticides and other chemicals used in farming can also be hazardous to worker health, and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illness or have children with birth defects.^[57] As an industry in which families commonly share in work and live on the farm itself, entire families can be at risk for injuries, illness, and death.^[58] Common causes of fatal injuries among young farm workers include drowning, machinery and motor vehicle-related accidents.

Agricultural production systems

Crop cultivation systems

Rice cultivation in Bihar, India

Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the philosophy and culture of the farmer.

Shifting cultivation (or slash and burn) is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then perennial crops for a period of several years. Then the plot is left fallow to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10 – 20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients (fertilizer or manure) and some manual pest control. Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs

Crop statistics

 List of most important agricultural crops worldwide

Important categories of crops include cereals and pseudocereals, pulses (legumes), forage, and fruits and vegetables. Specific crops are cultivated in distinct growing regionsthroughout the world. In millions of metric tons, based on FAO estimate.

Top agricultural products, by crop types (million tonnes) 2004 data
Cereals	2,263
Vegetables and melons	866
Roots and tubers	715
Milk	619
Fruit	503
Meat	259
Oilcrops	133
Fish (2001 estimate)	130
Eggs	63
Pulses	60
Vegetable fiber	30
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Top agricultural products, by individual crops (million tonnes) 2011 data
Sugar cane	1794
Maize	883
Rice	722
Wheat	704
Potatoes	374
Sugar beet	271
Soybeans	260
Cassava	252
Tomatoes	159
Barley	134
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

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